Shes Come Undone free essay sample

Come Undone (1992) tells the story of her life through the experience of television and how it warped her sensibilities and took the place of her parents in creating values by which to live. She suffers from eating disorders and is institutionalized. The novel is also written in the first person, which means that Dolores herself is telling the story. This may lead to issues of an unreliable narrator — is television really the central moment in her life? Are her memories of her early childhood, which are all based around television, even accurate. As Dolores notes at the beginning: â€Å"Dolores, look! † my mother says. A star appears at the center of the green glass face. It grows outward and becomes two women at a kitchen table, the owner of the voices. I begin to cry. Who shrank these women? Are they alive? Real? Its 1956; Im four years old. This isnt what Ive expected. We will write a custom essay sample on Shes Come Undone or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The two men and my mother smile at my fright, delight in it. Or else, theyre sympathetic and consoling. My memory of that day is like television itself, sharp and clear but unreliable. (Lamb 1992, p. 4) Speaking from the vantage point of a forty year-old woman reminiscing about her life, the issue of unreliable emerges a number of times, but ultimately it is clear that Dolores can be believed to the extent that she herself is aware of the complications of memory, especially in a life as full as trauma as hers. The story takes Dolores from a child living in a small town, to a rape in adolescence, through an attempt at college to find love through deceit, to time spent in a mental institution, to her release and attempts at forging a life of her own. Her parents divorce comes at a time when she is navigating her way through adolescence and most needs their support. Her body is changing, her feelings are confused, and she needs someone to care for her and guide her through this difficult time in life. Unsure about why her parents are divorcing, Dolores is angry with her father for his departure and subsequent remarriage. Preoccupied with her own grief the heartache of losing a child, the reality of her husbands unfaithfulness, and the loss of her husband and marriage Doloress mother is emotionally unavailable to her daughter. Eventually, the mothers hospitalization and confinement to an institution leaves her daughter in the temporary care of a less-than-loving grandmother. At a critical point in her development, adolescence, Dolores has her innocence stolen. She becomes a victim of rape; the incident causes a host of difficulties and ultimately leads her to attempt to take her own life. Jack Speight is a young, attractive, personable disc jockey. He drives a convertible sports car and lives with his wife in the apartment above Dolores. He takes advantage of Doloress low self-esteem, spending time chatting and teasing her with his smile, giving her rides to and from school, and generally making her feel good about herself. Since her fathers departure, Dolores has longed for male attention. After he explains that two incidents in which he fondled Dolores are just his way of fooling around, Jack forcibly rapes Dolores. He immediately threatens to kill himself and his wife if Dolores tells anyone about what happened. Doloress immediate response after the rape is to bathe, in an effort to not only wash away the blood from the rape, but to wash away the shame that overwhelms her. Doloress mother chooses not to press charges again Speight. She asks Dolores to pretend the rape never took place. Doloress grandmother treats the teen as if she is a dangerous stranger. She acknowledges the rape only once, using the phrase that business with him (Lamb 1992, p. 120). She begins to indulge Dolores, not as a victim, but as someone on whose good side she felt safer ( Lamb 1992, p. 20). After one brief session with a psychiatrist, Dolores refuses to continue treatment and begins to suffer the consequences of her silence. She becomes depressed, develops an eating disorder that causes her to balloon up to 257 pounds, is angry, bitter, and once again, all alone. Even after marrying, she is bullied by her husband into having an abortion, and who himself is a sexual predator. Ultimately, Dolores believes that the r ape is what made her come undone and with the help of her second husband, she hopes to regain her life. Axis I Dolores clearly suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to her rape and the lack of social support both before and after it. She also suffers from poor impulse control, which explains the indulgences that led to her eating disorder, her ill-considered marriage, her solitary same-sex encounter with a woman who admired and appreciated her obese body, and her suicide attempt. The disorder may also be considered a separate disorder, specifically Binge Eating Disorder. Dolores engaged in what is called emotional eating after her rape, which means that her relationship to food was profoundly altered — it was seen as a source of comfort (in much the same way TV was previously in her life) Dolores is also suffering from depression for much of the course of her life. Her extreme interest in television from an early age and the distance from her parents suggests a craving for instant gratification and reduced desire/drive for physical activity from early on. She was at least experiencing mild depression (dysthymia) early in life, due to her parents divorce. Her suicide attempt is certainly a significant sign of deep depression, which can be easily traced back to her rape. The trauma turned a mild depression into a significant, perhaps even profound depression. Axis II Dolores is of average and perhaps above average intelligence. She shows no signs of mental retardation. Doloress obesity, her intense interest in television, and her cleanliness rituals especially post-rape suggest some level of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Her inability to form lasting relationships and unfamiliarity with many basic social signals — including those that revealed to readers at least that Speight was a predator, as was Doloress first husband — suggests some placement on the autism spectrum may be appropriate. Dolores should be tested for Aspergers Syndrome. Axis III Doloress obesity, even if she loses the weight, may have long-term health effects. Heart trouble, high blood pressure and high cholesterol, diabetes, joint and back pain, and every other issue that could emerge from a drastic weight gain of over 100 pounds can emerge. Dolores may also experience fertility problems due to extreme weight fluctuations. The desire to lose weight, especially given the possible OCD and need for instant gratification printed above, can also lead to yo-yo dieting, binge disorders, and other problems common to attempting to lose weight quickly. Axis IV Doloress own narrative highlights the importance of television in her childhood. In many ways, Dolores was typical of the post-World War II suburban middle class. After a long Depression and the rationing of war, her generation was born into relative privilege. The television became the center of both the new consumer-oriented society and family life, leading to significant social dislocation. In addition to television, the postwar era saw a rise in the status of women, which led in turn to an increase in sexual ideas and divorce. Naturally, the power to divorce and too freely choose ones sexual partners is a social positive good, but in the 1950s and early 1960s the nuclear family was in flux due to these social issues. Dolores was thus abandoned by her father and spent much of her early life looking for a replacement father figure. Her mother, ill herself, did not have the social support network to maintain either a standard of living or a loving home environment for Dolores. Eventually, Dolores is shuttled off to a grandmother who is both emotionally distant and out of touch with the realities of changing American society. Dolores grew up in an era of changing sexual mores and was not adequately prepared for becoming a sexual being. This is not to blame the rape on her; simply put, she could not even conceive of herself as a sexual victim due to male-dominated social rules meshing with changing sexual mores. She thus blamed herself and took the trauma out on herself by drastically changing her body. Her lack of a father figure and experience with sexual trauma led her to find a husband that is also distant and as it turned out a sexual predator attracted to young girls. As an obese woman, Dolores experienced a same-sex encounter, as she felt uncomfortable around and repulsive to men. Same-sex sexual encounters are not deviant or a sign of mental illness, but do show the extent of the changing sexual mores in society during Doloress youth and adulthood. Finally, Dolores came of age before de-institutionalization in the 1980s, and thus spent seven years institutionalized, including several years as an impatient. This would likely not have happened had she been born twenty years later, and had she been born ten years earlier, Dolores may have had an even longer stay under institutional care. Her institutionalization may further hamper her career goals and economic status and could thus have an indirect impact on her general health. AXIS V 51 Two defense mechanisms Dolores uses in the course of her life include undoing — which is so profound the book is even named after it — and humor. Doloress weight gain was essentially an attempt to undo herself as a sexual being. This is clearly a response to the rape, but also has a deeper root; she has had almost no satisfactory physical contact. When she asked her grandmother to hug her, for example, The request seemed to startle her, but she obliged me. Her small body felt stiff and unnatural. . . . I sobbed and shook against her. Her body wouldnt relax. (Lamb 1992, p. 41) Her size undoes her negative thought: that there is something wrong with her as a human being that makes her unlovable. With the extreme weight gain, Dolores gives herself an excuse to be alone — nobody loves her or wants to be close to her because of her physiciality, not because of what she is as a person. Her second major defense mechanism is humor. Indeed, Shes Come Undone is readable despite all the horrible things because Dolores as the narrator is so funny. When remarking on her dubious memory in the early going of the book, she nonetheless insists that the TV delivery men were Richard Nixon and David Eisenhower. Her pursuit of Dante through stolen letters is another example of a behavior that would seem almost frightening had she not put such a light spin on her actions. The text of Shes Come Undone can be seen as an extended use of humor as a defense mechanism, though toward the end she does come to a realization about the centrality of her rape as regards her current plight. From the point of view of Eriksonian development, we can see that Dolores failed at some of the basic crises of development. In her middle childhood, she faced the crisis of industry or inferiority. Her parents, being distant, and TV, being aspirational, instilled within her great feelings of inferiority. As an adolescent, she also experienced role confusion rather than a cemented identity as a young woman. In one telling moment in the book, Dolores begins to menstruate — a classic rite of passage for young girls — and tells her mother, who responds Thats great, Dolores. Thanks a lot. Thats just what I need right now, (Lamb 1992, p. 21). This is a solid attack on Doloress identity as a woman and a sexual being, and obviously a major part of her problems to come. Subsequent to adolescence, Dolores failed other crises points from an Eriksonian perspective. She chose isolation over intimacy with her obesity and her cruel putdown of her female lover, Dottie. Her pursuit of Dante in college involved chicanery, as she intercepted letters from Dante to her college roommate and took the roommates role in Dantes life. Deception is at the heart, then, of her first major consensual romantic and sexual relationship — isolation was chosen over intimacy. Now she faces generativity versus stagnation. One can say that the telling of her story now, at age 40, is generative, but it remains to be seen is Dolores can keep from stagnating. From a Freudian point of view, Dolores has an Electra Complex. She desires her distant and then missing father, and resents her mother for driving him away. As an adult, her obesity is a stand-in for pregnancy — women with the Electra Complex which for their fathers to impregnate them in order to overcome penis envy. Upon marrying, Dolores chooses a man much like her father, and he demands that she has an abortion. Thus, she is robbed of the chance to come to terms with her penis envy, having been denied the penis, ultimately, by her husband, who is a stand-in for her father. The Freudian mode also explains the obesity, her theft of her college roomies letters and then boyfriend, and much of the rest of her life. According to Freud, penis envy leads to an undeveloped superego, where societys rules (such as rules against gluttony, homosexuality, deceit, cruelty, etc. ) are injected into the personality. Doloress hunger for her fathers penis is so profound that she ruins her life in an attempt to finally claim it for her own. Further, in order to attract a man like her father, Dolores became much like her mother Bernice (and grandmother Thelma). She is often distant and sarcastic, belittling of others, and is in poor physical shape due to her overeating and obesity. In these ways, she mimics her mother, who was also in poor health, who distrusted her husband (albeit for good reason) and who responded to Doloress attempt to experience love with sarcasm, alienation, and isolation. The TV was the surrogate for motherhood in Doloress early life. Dolores was treated within a mental hospital, both as an inpatient for years and then as an outpatient. While Dolores did attempt to commit suicide at one point — again mimicking her mother, who died in a freak accident — years of institutionalization did little for her. Ultimately, she was treated during an era where single women were still considered somewhat deviant (despite the social revolution of the womens liberation movement happening concurrently) and thus the institutionalization was thus essentially a form of warehousing. It says more about Doloress intelligence and untapped inner resources that she was able to shift toward outpatient status and then, at age 40, finally get on to the life that had been disrupted years before. A humanistic approach to therapy, along with some behavior modification for her eating disorder, likely would have helped Dolores see the centrality of the rape in her life, and would have better allowed her to acknowledge her victimhood in order to transcend it. Further, psychiatric intervention should have happened earlier in Doloress life, at least as early on as the period immediately after her rape. In that era, however, psychology was still seen as somewhat suspect, and Bernice was simply not interested enough in Dolores to make sure she got the help she needed. Dolores Price, for all her problems and traumas, was an intensely interesting person, full of wit and a drive to overcome her own obstacles. This was an illuminating novel to read because psychological and psychiatric practitioners often only see people at their worst, when they come into the office. Its too easy to conceive of ones clients as just a collection of problems to be worked through. Indeed, the necessary professional detachment of a therapist of any sort virtually guarantees this. Shes Come Undone, despite the titular third-person she, is a first-person narrative. An articulate, somewhat self-aware, and ultimately humorous client who is able to go back over her own life and see the problems, the triumphs, and the mistakes with an unjaundiced eye is a rare thing. Obviously, Dolores and her circumstances are the creation of a master novelist, but nonetheless the novel serves as a reminder that even in therapy, we are often only seeing the tip of an iceberg. Shes Come Undone free essay sample Shes Come Undone (1992) tells the story of her life through the experience of television and how it warped her sensibilities and took the place of her parents in creating values by which to live. She suffers from eating disorders and is institutionalized. The novel is also written in the first person, which means that Dolores herself is telling the story. This may lead to issues of an unreliable narrator — is television really the central moment in her life? Are her memories of her early childhood, which are all based around television, even accurate. As Dolores notes at the beginning: â€Å"Dolores, look! † my mother says. A star appears at the center of the green glass face. It grows outward and becomes two women at a kitchen table, the owner of the voices. I begin to cry. Who shrank these women? Are they alive? Real? Its 1956; Im four years old. We will write a custom essay sample on Shes Come Undone or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This isnt what Ive expected. The two men and my mother smile at my fright, delight in it. Or else, theyre sympathetic and consoling. My memory of that day is like television itself, sharp and clear but unreliable. (Lamb 1992, p. 4) Speaking from the vantage point of a forty year-old woman reminiscing about her life, the issue of unreliable emerges a number of times, but ultimately it is clear that Dolores can be believed to the extent that she herself is aware of the complications of memory, especially in a life as full as trauma as hers. The story takes Dolores from a child living in a small town, to a rape in adolescence, through an attempt at college to find love through deceit, to time spent in a mental institution, to her release and attempts at forging a life of her own. Her parents divorce comes at a time when she is navigating her way through adolescence and most needs their support. Her body is changing, her feelings are confused, and she needs someone to care for her and guide her through this difficult time in life. Unsure about why her parents are divorcing, Dolores is angry with her father for his departure and subsequent remarriage. Preoccupied with her own grief the heartache of losing a child, the reality of her husbands unfaithfulness, and the loss of her husband and marriage Doloress mother is emotionally unavailable to her daughter. Eventually, the mothers hospitalization and confinement to an institution leaves her daughter in the temporary care of a less-than-loving grandmother. At a critical point in her development, adolescence, Dolores has her innocence stolen. She becomes a victim of rape; the incident causes a host of difficulties and ultimately leads her to attempt to take her own life. Jack Speight is a young, attractive, personable disc jockey. He drives a convertible sports car and lives with his wife in the apartment above Dolores. He takes advantage of Doloress low self-esteem, spending time chatting and teasing her with his smile, giving her rides to and from school, and generally making her feel good about herself. Since her fathers departure, Dolores has longed for male attention. After he explains that two incidents in which he fondled Dolores are just his way of fooling around, Jack forcibly rapes Dolores. He immediately threatens to kill himself and his wife if Dolores tells anyone about what happened. Doloress immediate response after the rape is to bathe, in an effort to not only wash away the blood from the rape, but to wash away the shame that overwhelms her. Doloress mother chooses not to press charges again Speight. She asks Dolores to pretend the rape never took place. Doloress grandmother treats the teen as if she is a dangerous stranger. She acknowledges the rape only once, using the phrase that business with him (Lamb 1992, p. 120). She begins to indulge Dolores, not as a victim, but as someone on whose good side she felt safer ( Lamb 1992, p. 20). After one brief session with a psychiatrist, Dolores refuses to continue treatment and begins to suffer the consequences of her silence. She becomes depressed, develops an eating disorder that causes her to balloon up to 257 pounds, is angry, bitter, and once again, all alone. Even after marrying, she is bullied by her husband into having an abortion, and who himself is a sexual predator. Ultimately, Dolores believes that the r ape is what made her come undone and with the help of her second husband, she hopes to regain her life. Axis I Dolores clearly suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to her rape and the lack of social support both before and after it. She also suffers from poor impulse control, which explains the indulgences that led to her eating disorder, her ill-considered marriage, her solitary same-sex encounter with a woman who admired and appreciated her obese body, and her suicide attempt. The disorder may also be considered a separate disorder, specifically Binge Eating Disorder. Dolores engaged in what is called emotional eating after her rape, which means that her relationship to food was profoundly altered — it was seen as a source of comfort (in much the same way TV was previously in her life) Dolores is also suffering from depression for much of the course of her life. Her extreme interest in television from an early age and the distance from her parents suggests a craving for instant gratification and reduced desire/drive for physical activity from early on. She was at least experiencing mild depression (dysthymia) early in life, due to her parents divorce. Her suicide attempt is certainly a significant sign of deep depression, which can be easily traced back to her rape. The trauma turned a mild depression into a significant, perhaps even profound depression. Axis II Dolores is of average and perhaps above average intelligence. She shows no signs of mental retardation. Doloress obesity, her intense interest in television, and her cleanliness rituals especially post-rape suggest some level of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Her inability to form lasting relationships and unfamiliarity with many basic social signals — including those that revealed to readers at least that Speight was a predator, as was Doloress first husband — suggests some placement on the autism spectrum may be appropriate. Dolores should be tested for Aspergers Syndrome. Axis III Doloress obesity, even if she loses the weight, may have long-term health effects. Heart trouble, high blood pressure and high cholesterol, diabetes, joint and back pain, and every other issue that could emerge from a drastic weight gain of over 100 pounds can emerge. Dolores may also experience fertility problems due to extreme weight fluctuations. The desire to lose weight, especially given the possible OCD and need for instant gratification printed above, can also lead to yo-yo dieting, binge disorders, and other problems common to attempting to lose weight quickly. Axis IV Doloress own narrative highlights the importance of television in her childhood. In many ways, Dolores was typical of the post-World War II suburban middle class. After a long Depression and the rationing of war, her generation was born into relative privilege. The television became the center of both the new consumer-oriented society and family life, leading to significant social dislocation. In addition to television, the postwar era saw a rise in the status of women, which led in turn to an increase in sexual ideas and divorce. Naturally, the power to divorce and too freely choose ones sexual partners is a social positive good, but in the 1950s and early 1960s the nuclear family was in flux due to these social issues. Dolores was thus abandoned by her father and spent much of her early life looking for a replacement father figure. Her mother, ill herself, did not have the social support network to maintain either a standard of living or a loving home environment for Dolores. Eventually, Dolores is shuttled off to a grandmother who is both emotionally distant and out of touch with the realities of changing American society. Dolores grew up in an era of changing sexual mores and was not adequately prepared for becoming a sexual being. This is not to blame the rape on her; simply put, she could not even conceive of herself as a sexual victim due to male-dominated social rules meshing with changing sexual mores. She thus blamed herself and took the trauma out on herself by drastically changing her body. Her lack of a father figure and experience with sexual trauma led her to find a husband that is also distant and as it turned out a sexual predator attracted to young girls. As an obese woman, Dolores experienced a same-sex encounter, as she felt uncomfortable around and repulsive to men. Same-sex sexual encounters are not deviant or a sign of mental illness, but do show the extent of the changing sexual mores in society during Doloress youth and adulthood. Finally, Dolores came of age before de-institutionalization in the 1980s, and thus spent seven years institutionalized, including several years as an impatient. This would likely not have happened had she been born twenty years later, and had she been born ten years earlier, Dolores may have had an even longer stay under institutional care. Her institutionalization may further hamper her career goals and economic status and could thus have an indirect impact on her general health. AXIS V 51 Two defense mechanisms Dolores uses in the course of her life include undoing — which is so profound the book is even named after it — and humor. Doloress weight gain was essentially an attempt to undo herself as a sexual being. This is clearly a response to the rape, but also has a deeper root; she has had almost no satisfactory physical contact. When she asked her grandmother to hug her, for example, The request seemed to startle her, but she obliged me. Her small body felt stiff and unnatural. . . . I sobbed and shook against her. Her body wouldnt relax. (Lamb 1992, p. 41) Her size undoes her negative thought: that there is something wrong with her as a human being that makes her unlovable. With the extreme weight gain, Dolores gives herself an excuse to be alone — nobody loves her or wants to be close to her because of her physiciality, not because of what she is as a person. Her second major defense mechanism is humor. Indeed, Shes Come Undone is readable despite all the horrible things because Dolores as the narrator is so funny. When remarking on her dubious memory in the early going of the book, she nonetheless insists that the TV delivery men were Richard Nixon and David Eisenhower. Her pursuit of Dante through stolen letters is another example of a behavior that would seem almost frightening had she not put such a light spin on her actions. The text of Shes Come Undone can be seen as an extended use of humor as a defense mechanism, though toward the end she does come to a realization about the centrality of her rape as regards her current plight. From the point of view of Eriksonian development, we can see that Dolores failed at some of the basic crises of development. In her middle childhood, she faced the crisis of industry or inferiority. Her parents, being distant, and TV, being aspirational, instilled within her great feelings of inferiority. As an adolescent, she also experienced role confusion rather than a cemented identity as a young woman. In one telling moment in the book, Dolores begins to menstruate — a classic rite of passage for young girls — and tells her mother, who responds Thats great, Dolores. Thanks a lot. Thats just what I need right now, (Lamb 1992, p. 21). This is a solid attack on Doloress identity as a woman and a sexual being, and obviously a major part of her problems to come. Subsequent to adolescence, Dolores failed other crises points from an Eriksonian perspective. She chose isolation over intimacy with her obesity and her cruel putdown of her female lover, Dottie. Her pursuit of Dante in college involved chicanery, as she intercepted letters from Dante to her college roommate and took the roommates role in Dantes life. Deception is at the heart, then, of her first major consensual romantic and sexual relationship — isolation was chosen over intimacy. Now she faces generativity versus stagnation. One can say that the telling of her story now, at age 40, is generative, but it remains to be seen is Dolores can keep from stagnating. From a Freudian point of view, Dolores has an Electra Complex. She desires her distant and then missing father, and resents her mother for driving him away. As an adult, her obesity is a stand-in for pregnancy — women with the Electra Complex which for their fathers to impregnate them in order to overcome penis envy. Upon marrying, Dolores chooses a man much like her father, and he demands that she has an abortion. Thus, she is robbed of the chance to come to terms with her penis envy, having been denied the penis, ultimately, by her husband, who is a stand-in for her father. The Freudian mode also explains the obesity, her theft of her college roomies letters and then boyfriend, and much of the rest of her life. According to Freud, penis envy leads to an undeveloped superego, where societys rules (such as rules against gluttony, homosexuality, deceit, cruelty, etc. ) are injected into the personality. Doloress hunger for her fathers penis is so profound that she ruins her life in an attempt to finally claim it for her own. Further, in order to attract a man like her father, Dolores became much like her mother Bernice (and grandmother Thelma). She is often distant and sarcastic, belittling of others, and is in poor physical shape due to her overeating and obesity. In these ways, she mimics her mother, who was also in poor health, who distrusted her husband (albeit for good reason) and who responded to Doloress attempt to experience love with sarcasm, alienation, and isolation. The TV was the surrogate for motherhood in Doloress early life. Dolores was treated within a mental hospital, both as an inpatient for years and then as an outpatient. While Dolores did attempt to commit suicide at one point — again mimicking her mother, who died in a freak accident — years of institutionalization did little for her. Ultimately, she was treated during an era where single women were still considered somewhat deviant (despite the social revolution of the womens liberation movement happening concurrently) and thus the institutionalization was thus essentially a form of warehousing. It says more about Doloress intelligence and untapped inner resources that she was able to shift toward outpatient status and then, at age 40, finally get on to the life that had been disrupted years before. A humanistic approach to therapy, along with some behavior modification for her eating disorder, likely would have helped Dolores see the centrality of the rape in her life, and would have better allowed her to acknowledge her victimhood in order to transcend it. Further, psychiatric intervention should have happened earlier in Doloress life, at least as early on as the period immediately after her rape. In that era, however, psychology was still seen as somewhat suspect, and Bernice was simply not interested enough in Dolores to make sure she got the help she needed. Dolores Price, for all her problems and traumas, was an intensely interesting person, full of wit and a drive to overcome her own obstacles. This was an illuminating novel to read because psychological and psychiatric practitioners often only see people at their worst, when they come into the office. Its too easy to conceive of ones clients as just a collection of problems to be worked through. Indeed, the necessary professional detachment of a therapist of any sort virtually guarantees this. Shes Come Undone, despite the titular third-person she, is a first-person narrative. An articulate, somewhat self-aware, and ultimately humorous client who is able to go back over her own life and see the problems, the triumphs, and the mistakes with an unjaundiced eye is a rare thing. Obviously, Dolores and her circumstances are the creation of a master novelist, but nonetheless the novel serves as a reminder that even in therapy, we are often only seeing the tip of an iceberg.

Story of an Hour Essay Example

Awakening/Story of an Hour Essay Example Awakening/Story of an Hour Essay Awakening/Story of an Hour Essay Essay Topic: The Awakening Neumann Story of An Hour and The Awakening Compare and Contrast Essay Kate Chopping literary works, Story of An Hour and The Awakening are very similar in their strong feminist voice, the mood of disconnectedness, and the prevailing theme of the search for freedom from a culture dominated by male supremacy and the belief that women are a possession rather than a gift to be cherished. In both Story of An Hour and The Awakening, a strong voice of feminism prevails throughout, paired with underlying tones of doubt. In The Awakening, Chopin uses throng symbolism, such as the caged birds introduced in the very first sentence of the novel, to set the idea that married women are caged by societal conventions and deserve to be freed to experience all that life has to offer free from responsibilities and confining rules. Mrs.. Pointillist expresses many times throughout The Awakening how she wishes to be free of her husband and children to pursue her artistic aspirations, her physical needs with other men, and her friendship with Mademoiselle Raise, a woman who escaped societys expectations and as a result ivies free to pursue her own wants and needs. Mrs.. Pointillist is surrounded by men, including her husband, Alice Robin, and Robert Lubber, but only wishes to pursue temporary relationships with Alice and Robert based on satisfying her physical and emotional needs that her husband ignores and regards as unimportant. In Story of An Hour, Mrs.. Mallard is also married but is dissatisfied with her marriage and like Mrs.. Pointillist likely wishes to pursue other men. In each of the stories, the women recognize that they do not need men to complete or help them, but they each struggle with doubt. Mrs.. Mallard thinks about how she will miss her husband when his hands are folded across his chest, dead, and Mrs.. Pointillist commits suicide because she doubts herself so strongly. The doubt is symbolic of the time period in which women were beginning to emerge as stronger but were still shielded by men at a moments call and had not yet fully recognized themselves as sufficient. Kate Chopping life growing up was dominated by a female presence. Her father died when she was young, and she was then raised by all female widowers, then went on to a Catholic school where she was further surrounded by unmarried women. Her young life probably contributed to the way she wrote since she was always taught that women wore more than able to make a successful living on their own. The mood of disconnectedness is prominent in both stories. Throughout all of The Awakening, Mrs.. Pointillist is dissatisfied with her life, whether she is married, in love with Robert, or pursuing relations with Alice. She is ignored in her marriage, abandoned by Robert, and used for physical pleasure by Alice. The only time that she seems content is in the final chapter of the novel where she takes the final act of fiance and removes her clothing, which is symbolism for removing her past, societys wishes, and the doubt that has slowly killed her inside. As she walks into the children, but does not stop what shes doing so that they can no longer have precedence over her. Mrs.. Mallard gained peace in Story of An Hour when she came to the conclusion that she was finally free! Body and soul free! Her peace was quickly removed, however, when her husband walked in the house and she recognized that her blossoming freedom had been revoked and she died. Each of the Tories end on a sad note and each with ambiguous endings to leave room for interpretation of what happened after the deaths. The reader can infer that no change occurs afterwards, though, because the husbands and families didnt really care about the women before. In each of the stories, the search for freedom is the dominant theme. Mrs.. Pointillist took steps towards freedom when she moved into her own home and when she stopped seeing her husband and children, but as previously stated, she never obtained that freedom and realized that she never could, so she killed herself. Mrs.. Mallard recognized her freedom, and the reader can infer this from the subtle change that occurred when the author quit referring to her as Mrs.. Mallard and began calling her Louise, symbolizing that she was no longer bound to anybody or any expectations based on a name. Louise never found freedom despite her invigorating experience near the window in her room because she too realized that she could never truly have freedom- even supposed death was not enough to free her because Mr.. Mallard was not truly dead. Each of the women ultimately failed at ending freedom, but each searched relentlessly in desperate hopes of finding it. Story of An Hour and The Awakening both contain many similarities and no differences- each of the main women are feminists, each are consistently discontent with their lives, each want to find freedom, and each fail and die, one from suicide and the other possibly from sorrow and shock. Kate Chopping literary career ended with The Awakening, but the influence of her story did not, and the rising of strong and independent women in the start of the sass can be contributed in part to Chopin whose stories inspired women everywhere.

Profile of Students With Existential Intelligence

Profile of Students With Existential Intelligence Existential intelligence is the label  education researcher  Howard Gardner gave to students who think philosophically. This existential intelligence  is one of many  multiple intelligences  that Garner identified. Each of these labels for multiple intelligences... ...documents the extent to which students possess different kinds of minds and therefore learn, remember, perform, and understand in different ways,  (1991). Existential intelligence involves an individuals ability to use collective values and intuition to understand others and the world around them. People who excel in this intelligence typically are able to see the big picture. Philosophers, theologians and life coaches are among those that Gardner sees as having high existential intelligence. The Big Picture in his 2006 book, Multiple  Intelligences: New Horizons in Theory and Practice, Gardner gives the hypothetical example of Jane, who runs a company called Hardwick/Davis. Whereas her managers deal more with the day-to-day operational problems, Janes job is to steer the whole ship, says Gardner. She must maintain a longer-term outlook, take into account the conductions of the  marketplace, set a general direction, align her resources and inspire her employees and customers to stay on board. In other words, Jane needs to see the big picture; she needs to envision the future the future needs of the company,  customers, and marketplace and guide the organization in  that direction. That ability to see the big picture may be a distinct intelligence the existential intelligence says Gardner. Pondering the Most Fundamental Questions of Existence Gardner, a  developmental psychologist and a professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education,  is actually a bit unsure about including the existential realm in his nine intelligences. It was not one of the original seven intelligences that Gardner listed in his seminal 1983 book, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. But, after an additional two decades of research, Gardner decided to include existential intelligence. This candidate for intelligence is based on the human proclivity to ponder the most fundamental questions of existence. Why do we live? Why do we die? Where do we come from? What is going to happen to us? Gardner asked in his later book. I sometimes say that these are questions that transcend perception; they concern issues that are too big or small to be perceived by our five sensory systems. Famous People With High Existential Intelligence Not surprisingly, major figures in history are among those who may be said to have high existential intelligence, including: Socrates: This famous Greek philosopher invented the Socratic method, which involves asking ever-deeper questions in an attempt to come to an understanding of the truth or at least to disprove untruths.Buddha: His name literally means one who is awake, according to the Buddhist Centre. Born in Nepal, Buddha taught in India probably between the sixth and fourth centuries B.C. He founded Buddhism, a religion that is based on seeking higher truths.Jesus Christ. The founder of one of the worlds major religions, Christ, pushed back against the status quo in first-century Jerusalem  and put forward the belief in a higher being, God, who possesses the eternal truth.St. Augustine: An early Christian theologian, St. Augustine based much of his philosophy on the teachings of Plato, a Greek philosopher who proposed the idea that there is an abstract truth that his higher and more complete than what we witness in the real, imperfect world. Life should be spent pursuing this abstract truth, bo th Plato and St. Augustine believed. In addition to examining the big picture, common traits in those with existential intelligence include: an interest in questions about life, death and beyond; an ability to look beyond the senses to explain phenomena; and a desire to be an outsider while at the same time showing a strong interest in society and those around them. Enhancing This Intelligence in the Classroom Through this intelligence, in particular, may seem esoteric, there are ways that teachers and students can enhance and strengthen existential intelligence in the classroom, including: Make connections between what is being learned and the world outside the classroom.Provide students with overviews to support their desire to see the big picture.Have students look at a topic from different points of view.Have students summarize the information learned in a lesson.Have students create lessons to teach their classmates information. Gardner, himself, gives some direction as to how to harness existential intelligence, which he sees as a natural trait in most children.  In any society where questioning is tolerated, children raise these existential questions from an early age though they do not always listen closely to the answers. As a teacher, encourage students to continue asking those big questions and then help them to find the answers.

Developing Marketing Strategies and Plans Essay

Developing Marketing Strategies and Plans - Essay Example Marketers also need to be careful about their cost structures. Companies that seem to have firm control over their cost especially in relation to industry requirements are the primary competitors. Also, if a company operates in an industrial that is largely international, then chances are that the most competitive companies are the ones who have a well established global markets and they qualify as primary competitors. On the other hand, some companies may be operating in industries with high levels of vertical integration. For instance, a company liaises with its suppliers to create a larger market force. Such companies end up dominating the market and therefore qualify s primary competitors. (Hope, 1997) The automobile industry is affected by cost structure. It can be argued that they spend most of this cost on production and advertising. In the nineties, Honda managed to establish a name for itself especially in the US market because it invested in new technologies. Consequently, its products were superior to those ones offered by other competitors such as Toyota and it became a primary competitor for Toyota. The second approach that companies can use to identify their primary competitors is through marketing. In this approach, companies need to look out for those companies that satisfy the same needs that they do. The current market has changed drastically. Primary competitors are not just those companies offering the exact same things offered by the company; they are firms that can serve similar needs. This approach requires that marketers trace all the captivities involved while using their product and then examine what other firms perform the same... The researcher states that marketers, that are using the industrial outlook need to realize that all companies providing similar products or services fall in the same categories. Marketers need to ask themselves whether their companies represent the monopolistic structure, oligopolistic structure, monopolistic competition structure or pure competition structures since each of these structures will have different primary competitors. The first structure is made up of only one company providing a particular good or service. Such companies may not need marketers as they dominate the market. Oligopolistic structures may have some competitors in the market but they are fe in number. On the other hand, monopolistic competition applies to those who specialize in certain products. This category has to identify their competitors. Lastly, there is the pure competition structure where all competitors offer the same products. The automobile industry, that was discussed as an example in this essa y can be classified under the pure competition sector but there may be instances when it also falls under the monopolistic competition structure. The essay suggests that the competition became a major issue today, that is affecting marketing strategies and companies, that need to be aware of this. Market followers can adopt leaner production strategies and reduce prices of common products. Market challengers can use price, distribution, promotion and product innovation as ways of maintaining competitive advantage.

What is good education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is good education - Essay Example Good education is something that inculcates concepts in the students rather than making them cram a certain volume for a certain piece of time and then forget that after the exam. In conventional practice, a lot of countries have such educational systems in place that heavily draw upon the students’ ability to cram. Thus, students who have greater ability to cram are more qualified to excel as compared to others whose short-term memory is not equally fine. In the long run, the fundamental purpose of education is acquainting people with knowledge. People cannot be expected to contribute to the development of knowledge unless they have robust concepts about the existing knowledge. In order to be applicable upon a wider audience, it is imperative that education is cost effective. Education can be made cost effective by adopting cheap means of delivery. Quality education has become unattainable for many people simply because they cannot make it to the colleges. Either the colleges are too far away or else, renting a hostel makes the people go out of budget. Even if some manage to afford the hostel expenses, they may not be able to adjust in the hostel environment and consequentially, their academic performance may decline. Hence, virtual education is a big step ahead in the way of improving the quality of education. Virtual education can also be considered as good education because it obviates the need for the educators to arrange rooms to teach the students in.

Internal Control Essay Example for Free

Internal Control Essay (1) If the LJB Company should decide to become a publicly traded company, a few internal controls should be implemented to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX). * Management will need to provide periodic quarterly reports to evaluate the effectiveness and reliability of LJB’s internal controls over financial reporting procedures. * Management should certify the accuracy and fairness of presentation of their financial statements. * Independent auditor(s) outside of LJB will need to attest to management’s assessment of said internal controls. Additionally, non-audit services between these two parties (LJB and said independent auditor) are prohibited. (2) There are a few internal control measures that LJB already has in effect and are better for it: the use of pre-numbered invoices by the accountant and your (the President’s) involvement in the approval and hiring process of new employees. I also recommend the purchase of the indelible ink machine as per the accountant’s request. As this applies to the Internal Control Principle of Physical Control, future check fraud will be more difficult to be accomplished. 3) There are several internal control weaknesses that I assess LJB currently has. Following each weakness I list below is a recommendation from myself to rectify these internal control weaknesses. * One is risk is the accountant who serves as Treasurer and Controller. Although I understand this is to streamline many processes, it possesses a risk where an opportunity is created for this employee to commit fraud. This also violates the Segregation of Duties Principle of Internal Control Principles. I recommend that these two responsibilities be segregated 2 different employees. * When the accountant in charge of payroll leaves employees’ checks in his office unsupervised and unsecured, it presents an opportunity for theft. This violates the Internal Control Principle of Physical Control, as though checks are not constantly kept in the accountant’s office safe prior to pick up. I recommend that these checks remain physically secured at all times (by the accountant, or by delaying delivery to the accountant until he reaches his office). Due to the unorthodox honor system of dealing with petty cash, any single employee can withdraw a substantial amount of petty cash in relative anonymity. This violates two Internal Control Principles: Physical Control and Establishment of Responsibility. It violates the Physical Control Principle because the petty cash is easily accessible with no form of physical protection of theft, and it violates the Establishment of Responsibility Principle because no single person is in charge of the Petty Cash Fund (rather everyone is). This can be remedied by assigning a custodian to be responsible for the fund, as well as creating a secure area to store said funds. * These previous points additionally bring up another weakness, though not actually part of the Internal Control Principles. Though it seems to be LJB’s unofficial policy to trust long-term employees, when a desirable opportunity to commit fraud/theft arises, it becomes at the discretion of the employee to commit these acts for their personal benefit. Another weakness is LJB’s lack of individual passwords which allows personnel to anonymously use the company computers and databases. This lack of individual accountability will prevent most attempts to track suspicious employee activities on company computers and databases. This instance violates the Internal Control Principle of Physical Control. I recommend assigning employees individual accounts and passwords, as well as creating a form of digital control to prevent future unauthorized activities, such as viewing pornography on company computers. Lastly, because LGB unknowingly hired a convicted felon, it can be deduced that LGB’s Human Resource Department may be lacking, due to the fact that a background check should have caught his criminal history. This may violate the Human Resource Control Principle of the Internal Control Principles. I recommend that the Human Resource Department reevaluate their policies and staffing procedures to prevent future incidents from happening. Thank you for taking the time to read this letter and please consider my recommendations before going public with the LGB Company.

Pride And Prejudice :: essays research papers

Pride and Prejudice is a story about two married couples who do not respect each other. Mrs. Bennet business is to get her five daughter's to marry the most richest man in England. She is willing to take on any obstacles that get in her way. Mr. Bennet is a very outspoken and sardonic person. If there is anything he dislikes about mrs. Bennet or about what she is doing, he let her know. He love to criticize his wife. "I see no occasion for that. You and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better, for as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley might like you the best of the party." I chose this quote because it shows how Mr. Bennet criticize his wife. Mr bennet plays around with Miss Bennet not like a husband should. "My dear Mr. Bennet," said his lady to him one day, "have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?" Mr.Bennet replied that he had not, which he has. Mrs. Bennet is a greedy and arrogant woman. Her business is to get all her daughter to marry the most richest man in England, and she is willing to take on any obstancles that stand in her way. "Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!". This quote shows how she believes in marrying for money instead of love. The percipient woman would rather her daughter's to die than not marrying. Quoted: Had she found Jane in any apparent danger, Mrs. Bennet would have been very miserable; but being satisfied on seeing her that her illness was not alarming she had no wish of her recovering immediately, probably remove her from Netherfield. I picked this quot because it shows she is a bad mother, because a mother should care about her daughter. The woman is malcontent until all her daughter's is married. Mr. Bennet and his wife do not talk to each other with respect. Mr. Bennet favor Elizabeth and Mrs. Bennet likes Jane and Lizzy the most. "Lizzy is not a bit better than the others; and I am sure she is not half handsome as Janes, nor half so good humoured as Lydia". But you are always giving her the preference.

Structuration theory

Anthony Giddens was born on January 8, 1938. He is a British sociologist who is known for his theory of structuration and his holistic view of modern societies. He is considered to be one of the most prominent modern sociologists, the author of at least 34 books, published in at least 29 languages, issuing on average more than one book every year. In 2007, Giddens was listed as the fifth most-referenced author of books in the humanities.He has served as Director of the London School of Economics in 1997 until 2003. Structure is defined by Giddens as rules and resources, organized as properties of social systems. The theory of structuration is a social theory of the creation and reproduction of social systems that is based in the analysis of both structure and agents without giving primacy to either. In other words, when we communicate with one another, we create structures that range from large social and cultural institutions to smaller individual relationships.As communicators act strategically according to rules to achieve their goals, they do not realize that they are simultaneously creating forces that return to affect future ction. Structures like relational expectations, group roles and norm, communication networks and societal institutions affect social action. But these variables may also both affect and are affected by social action. These structures provide individual with rules that guide their actions, but their action in turn create new rules and reproduce old ones. Figure 1: Variables of the theory. 2.ORIGINS OF STRUCTURATION THEORY Sociologist Anthony Giddens adopted a post-empiricist frame for his theory, as he was concerned with the abstract characteristics of social relations. This leaves each evel more accessible to analysis via the ontologies which constitute the human social experience: space and time and thus, in one sense, ‘history'. His aim was to build a broad social theory which viewed basic domain of study of the social science s neither the experience of the individual actor, not the existence of any form of societal totality, but social practices ordered across space and time.His focus on abstract ontology accompanied a general and purposeful neglect of epistemology or detailed research methodology. Giddens used concepts from objectivist and subjectivist social theories, discarding bjectivism's focus on detached structures, which lacked regard for humanist elements and subjectivism's exclusive attention to individual or group agency without consideration for socio-structural context. 3.DUALITY OF STRUCTURE Structuration theory may be seen as an attempt to resolve a fundamental division within the social sciences between those who consider social phenomena as determined by the influence of objective, exogenous social structures and others who see them as products of the action of human agents in the light of their subjective interpretation of the world. Giddens attempts to square this circle by proposing that tructure and agency be viewed, not as independent and conflicting elements, but as a mutually interacting duality.Social structure is therefore seen as being drawn on by human agents in their actions, while the actions of humans in social contexts serve to produce, and reproduce, the social structure. Structure is thus not simply an exogenous restraining force, but is also a resource to be deployed by humans in their actions, it is enabling as well as disabling. More specifically, Giddens identifies three dimensions of structure, which are signification, domination and legitimation. The three dimensions of interaction are described as communication, power and sanctions.The means by which structures are translated into actions are called modalities, which are interpretive schemes, facilities and norms as shown in Figure 2. These modalities can explain why and how interaction is affected. Figure 2: Dimensions of the duality of structure, Giddens (1984) For example, as humans comm unicate, they use interpretive schemes to help them make sense of their interaction; at the same time these interactions change or reproduce the same interpretive schemes that are embedded in structures as signification.The facility used to allocate resources is manifested in the wielding of power, which in turn produces and reproduces facilities influencing social structures of domination. Norms on the other hand, referred to also as moral codes; provide both understandings and sanctions for human interactions, ultimately also producing legitimation within structures. 4. APPLICATION OF THE THEORY Donald Ellis (1999) shows how ethnicity is entailed in structuration. Ethnicity is a structural arrangement created over time as a result of many local practices throughout the world.Yet, once created, ethnicity has a life of its own, so that it ecome almost impossible not to see and act in accordance with ethnic experience in some way or another. Well intentioned people acting in their ev eryday live create unintended categories of social structure, which is limit what they can do in future interactions. these structures are not necessarily bad, but they can limit the ability to see a range of possibilities for acting in future situations 4. 2 Communication : Decision making Marshall Scott Poole (1985) and his colleagues have been working for several years on her structurational theory of group decision making.This theory teaches that group ecision making is a process in which group members attempt to achieve convergence or agreement on a final decision and in so doing structure their social system. By expressing their opinions and preferences, group member actually produce and reproduce certain rules by which convergence can be achieve or blocked. However, good decision making depends on three set of variables that are objectives task characteristics, group task characteristics and group structural characteristics.Figure 3 : Variables of the theory in term of Group Decision Making.   Adaptive structuration Theory Desancns and Poole (2011) adapted Structuration Theory to study the interaction of groups and organizations with information technology, and called it Adaptive Structuration Theory (AST). Adaptive Structuration Theory is formulated as the production and reproduction of the social systems through members use of rules and resources in interaction. This theory criticizes the technocentric view of technology use and emphasizes the social aspects.Individual interaction with technology and in the incorporation personal experiences can dictate outcomes and structural change as well as eventually change the design or use of the technology. The theory could be used to analyze the advent of various innovations such as the printed press, electricity, telegraph, mass transpirations, radio, telephone, TV, the Internet, etc. , and show how the structures of these innovations penetrated the respective societies, influencing them, and how the socia l structures of those societies in turn influenced and modified innovations ongtnal intent. Social media networks were create to provide interpersonal connectivity to its users. Users began utilizing the technology to drive trends through the sharing of xperiences with good or bad regarding brands and products or rallying behind the Large organizations began tollowing these trends and implemented t cause. technology used for themselves. This alteration of the technologies use resulted in social networking site adjusting their design to also meet the need of organizations to connect with consumers. . CRITICISM John B. Thompson (said that Structuration theory needed to be more specific and more consistent both internally and with conventional social structure theory. Thompson focused on problematic aspects of Giddens' concept of structure as â€Å"rules nd resources,† focusing on â€Å"rules†. He argued that Giddens' concept of rule was too broad. Thompson claimed that G iddens presupposed a criterion of importance in contending that rules are a generalizable enough tool to apply to every aspect of human action and interaction.Waldeck et al. concluded that the theory needs to better predict outcomes, rather than merely explaining them. Decision rules support decision-making, which produces a communication pattern that can be directly observable. Research has not yet examined the â€Å"rational† function of group communication and decision-making (i. . , how well it achieves goals), nor structural production or constraints. Rob Stones argued that many aspects of Gidden's original theory had little place in its modern manifestation.Stones focused on clarifying its scope, reconfguring some concepts and inserting new ones, and refining methodology and research orientations. Strong structuration are: 1. Places its ontology more in situ than abstractly. 2. Introduces the quadripartite cycle, which details the elements in the duality of structure. T hese are: – External structures as conditions of action; – Internal structures within the agent; Active agency, â€Å"including a range of aspects involved when agents draw upon internal structures in producing practical action† and – Outcomes (as both structures and events). 3.Increases attention to epistemology and methodology. Ontology supports epistemology and methodology by prioritising: – The question-at-hand; – Appropriate forms of methodological bracketing; – Distinct methodological steps in research; and – The specific combinations of all the above in composite forms of research. 4. Discovers the meso-level of ontology between the abstract, philosophical level of ntology and the in-situ, ontic level. Strong structuration allows varied abstract ontological concepts in experiential conditions. 5. Focuses on the meso-level at the temporal and spatial scale. . Conceptualises independent causal forces and irresistible causa l forces, which take into account how external structures, internal structures, and active agency affect agent choices (or lack of them). â€Å"Irresistible forces† are the connected concepts of a horizon of action with a set of â€Å"actions-in-hand† and a hierarchical ordering of purposes and concerns. An agent is affected by external influences. This aspect of strong structuration helps reconcile an agent's dialectic of control and his/her more constrained set of â€Å"real choices. As a conclusion, in structuration theory, neither micro nor macro focused analysis alone are sufficient. The theory most significantly in the constitution of society, which examines phenomenology, hermeneutics, and social practices at the inseparable intersection of structures and agents. Its proponents have adopted and expanded this balanced position. Though the theory has received much criticismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Pagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software

Politics of Global South Essay

Africa continent is currently facing huge transitional moments. The colonization process never stopped after the imperial western governments that ravaged these continent, African countries are still struggling with the adoption of the western systems and ideologies of governance and politics away from their traditional forms of socio-political ands socio-economic lives. This shift has caused wars, tensions, drifts, disagreements, alienations, political instability among other untold disasters in the continent. ( David Seddon & Leo Zeiling), in his report on the protests in Africa between the working class struggle and popular protests over the last forty years argue that the form and content of class relations that developed in the period of nationalist struggle and early national development have been fundamentally restructured by the process of globalization. The nationalist struggle was fighting for freedom dictatorial forms of government. The late 1979’s saw greater wave of wide s[read popular protests and resistance around the world including Africa. These strikes, marches, demonstrations and riots were characteristic of a wave of protests and resistance which usually involved a variety of social groups and classes. This did not always take place under a working class or trade unions banner or working class leadership such as experienced in Kenya in the early 90s while fighting for the multi-party system of governance. According to ( David Seddon & Leo Zeiling) these protests were of greater political scheming and direction and were increasingly aimed at governments and regimes and economic policies. Governments’ failure to ensure communities welfare and safeguard material welfare and rights of the citizens led to growing demands for democracy and political change. This movement coincided with increasing deployment by major capitalist states and international agencies of a discourse of democratization and good governance as necessary for economic and social development. However, this intervention opened door for the neo colonial imperialism after promising the removal of regimes that accommodated dictators and autocrats. It was like jumping from a flying pan to boiling pot. This new order became pronounced in the 1990s and grew through the decade and was manifest in Africa, Asia and Latin America. This provoked a third wave of protest involving greater degree of international organization while at the same time social movement with a notable ‘anti-capitalist’ politics emerged from north America countries spreading even to Africa. This period also saw the birth of an oppositional movement of a deeper and more threatening kind with the foundation of deep rooted pursuit and anger, frustrations, prepared to use violence to achieve its objectives. These groups are parts of radical Muslims like the al-Qai’da. The relationship between the social forces representing the interest of capital and those that opposed the actual pattern of development in Africa was not given much attention in the debates that touched on the transformation of Africa. Global adjustment shifted the focus of African nations from concentrating on development to reform agendas that facilitated the foreign capital investment and easier access for these international agencies to acquire raw materials and markets. This was done at the collaboration of some politicians but also there were cases of forced collaboration. This is evident in Zimbabwe where international aid and trade barriers had been imposed because the president/ government refusal to cooperate with the western interests. This was aided further by the weak social structures which were affected by conflicts, wars and complex political emergencies, HIV/AIDS and misguided intervention of the non governmental organizations (NGO’S). The popular forces include the urban and rural working classes who are stripped of the control and ownership of means of production, peasant and tenant farmers, retailers and petty commodity producers who sell their labor in the informal or formal sector. Their preoccupation is survival and putting food on the table. These share a consciousness of their interdependency and common vulnerability and constitute the relative surplus population looked upon as a reserve of an army of labor. The diversity of classes has never been the cause of political decay but is a mark of the normal condition in the context in which capitalism evolves. The cynism expressed by post-modernists towards political change goes to political activism and liberation. The post-modernist conception power no longer denotes coercion and oppression, resistance and struggle but it also becomes a fluid, pervasive yet contingent force derived from the interplay of different discourses. For example Cameroon had a comprehensible political economy but still had chaotic plurality where no purposeful liberation and resistance. ]as the waves and protests ravaged Africa , popular classes especially in urban areas were severely affected by the adjustments but they did not suffer quietly but they struggled, resisted and protested. The World Bank at the time said that Africa did not need less government only but also a government that concentrates its efforts less on the direct interventions and more on enabling others to be productive. The role of NGO’s in governance and poverty alleviation has been identified as critical in building of Africa, meeting the millennium development goals and the sustainable development goals. However, these non state actors backed by the United Nations and other powerful development partners; the relationship between the developing countries and the western was coined to mean partners in development. These NGOs and other right groups check on the governments’ accountability although their role has been questioned. They represent the values and interest of the funding agencies and do not touch on the real issues that ravage the common people in Africa. Despite increased role of NGOs, there is an increase rate of poverty and no tangible development that has occurred inmost parts of Africa. The involvement of civil societies most of which borrow their values from neo-liberalization movements may have contributed more to the wave of violence experienced in the continent rather than calming such waves. References David Seddon & Leo Zeiling. â€Å"Class & Protest in Africa: New Waves. † Review of African Political Economy. 2005.

Simple Dîner Verb Conjugations in French

Simple Dà ®ner Verb Conjugations in French Among the French verbs related to food, you will use  dà ®ner  often because it means to have dinner. Its an easy word to remember, though you do need to watch the spelling because the letter I uses an accented à ®. Beyond that, you will also want to conjugate it in order to say had dinner or am having dinner. Conjugating the French Verb  Dà ®ner Dà ®ner  is a  regular -ER verb, and it follows a very common verb conjugation pattern. You will find these same endings in related words like  dà ©jeuner  (to have lunch),  cuisiner  (to cook), and countless other verbs. In order to conjugate  dà ®ner, begin with the verb stem of  dà ®n-. To this, we add a new infinitive ending for each tense as well as each subject pronoun. For instance, I am having dinner is je dà ®ne, and we will have dinner is nous dà ®nerons. Its true that there are many words to memorize here, and practicing these in context will help tremendously. Luckily, you can use it every evening when you eat dinner. Subject Present Future Imperfect je dà ®ne dà ®nerai dà ®nais tu dà ®nes dà ®neras dà ®nais il dà ®ne dà ®nera dà ®nait nous dà ®nons dà ®nerons dà ®nions vous dà ®nez dà ®nerez dà ®niez ils dà ®nent dà ®neront dà ®naient Present Participle When we want to use the  present participle, the ending -ant  is added to the verb stem. This leaves us with  dà ®nant, which can be an adjective, gerund, or noun as well as a verb. Past Participle and Passà © Composà © The imperfect and the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  each express the past tense had dinner in French. To form the latter, you will begin by conjugating the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to match the subject pronoun. After that, attach the  past participle  dà ®nà ©. For example, I had dinner is jai dà ®nà © and we had dinner is nous avons dà ®nà ©. Simpler Conjugations to Learn When having dinner is not guaranteed, the subjunctive verb mood can be used. And when that dinner relies on something else happening, use the conditional form. When reading French, you will likely encounter the passà © simple or the imperfect subjunctive. While not essential to your studies, being able to recognize these is a good idea. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je dà ®ne dà ®nerais dà ®nai dà ®nasse tu dà ®nes dà ®nerais dà ®nas dà ®nasses il dà ®ne dà ®nerait dà ®na dà ®nà ¢t nous dà ®nions dà ®nerions dà ®nà ¢mes dà ®nassions vous dà ®niez dà ®neriez dà ®nà ¢tes dà ®nassiez ils dà ®nent dà ®neraient dà ®nà ¨rent dà ®nassent The imperative verb form of  dà ®ner  is relatively simple. The point of these statements is to make it quick, so we drop the subject pronoun. Rather than saying tu dà ®ne, simplify it to dà ®ne. Imperative (tu) dà ®ne (nous) dà ®nons (vous) dà ®nez

Collegial vs. Collegiate

Collegial vs. Collegiate Collegial vs. Collegiate Collegial vs. Collegiate By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between collegial and collegiate? Both words, and the root word college and the related term colleague, stem from the Latin word collega, meaning â€Å"colleague.† But for the most part, collegial refers to a state of mind, while collegiate is a more concrete adjective. A colleague is one with whom one works or interacts in a profession, a government office, or a religious environment, and though collegial can refer to the sharing of authority or power among colleagues in both religious and secular contexts, the primary connotation is a value-laden one of camaraderie. However, it is sometimes employed as a synonym for a specific sense of collegiate. That word’s primary usage is in reference to college students or their activities; sports contests between teams representing different colleges or universities, for example, are referred to as intercollegiate athletics. Collegiate, however, also refers to a certain type of religious entity mentioned below. College itself usually refers to an institution of higher learning, either in the sense of a building or a campus of buildings and other facilities or in the sense of its students, faculty, and administration. A college may be a traditional liberal arts institution or may specialize in professional, technical, or vocational subject areas, such as a business college. The term is also used to refer to a constituent part of a university, often consisting of multiple departments offering courses of study in the same general area, such as a college of sciences. Often, when colleges expand so much that they are subdivided for administrative and educational efficiency, they change their status to that of a university. (That word derives from the Latin term for universe; meanwhile, varsity, a shortening and alteration of university, is British English slang for university and refers in general to the primary squad on a school athletic team or, occasionally, in another competitive endeavor. Other uses of the term college are for a group of clergy members living and working together, for any body of people with the same interests or goals, or, most familiarly, in the phrase â€Å"electoral college,† referring to a group of people selected to elect a person for a political office. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Addressing A Letter to Two People20 Rules About Subject-Verb AgreementParataxis and Hypotaxis

What would you consider to be the most important socio-technical Essay

What would you consider to be the most important socio-technical issues that should be considered in an analysis of CourseNet - Essay Example (Ropohl, 1999) Computer Based Learning - Internet has revolutionized how we do day to day things, including learning. E-Learning or Web based learning is beneficial for individuals as well as organizations as it has many advantages. It not only provides flexibility & ease of access, but also the performances are improved & are better compared to students studying in traditional schools. A thorough investigation of the CourseNet   case requires grasp of most of these items.Setting sight on the entire system helps to avoid the trap of finding a singl point of blame.If an application is not working as desired , has bugs, fails too often it is easy to afix blame on the software programmer. However, this may not be a far-sighted approach. In an organization that does not have documented policies or procedures, it is easy to shift blame. For a project to be successful it is essential that roles & responsiblites clearly defined.Sufficient attention is given to various management aspects for e.g. Cost Management, Risk Management, Scope Management , Time Management etc. Project Management is an approach of planning, organizing & managing resources to achieve flourishing goals & objectives of specific project. All these aspects define the rate of success of a project. Effective project management pricnicpals & use of IT best practises such as defined by ITIL, SOX etc. are always helpful for project to proceed in an organized, phased manner. In the event of missing procedures or insufficient attention towards one of the procedures it is difficult to be reasonable & determine the breakdown in the work flow. Those belonging to the bottom of the food chain are often held responsible for making mistakes though a decision maker would have commited strategic or a tactical error . In the absence of necessary data points required for evaluation & lack of performance parameters can lead employees as well as